Dataset title: Monthly monitoring fluorescence data for Shark River Slough and Taylor Slough, Everglades National Park (FCE) for October 2004 to February 2014 Dataset ID: LT_ND_Jaffe_004 Research type: Short-Term Dataset Creator Name: Dr. Rudolf Jaffe Position: Lead Principal Investigator Organization: Florida Coastal Everglades LTER Program Address: Florida International University University Park Miami, Florida 33199 USA Phone: 305-348-2456 Email: jaffer@fiu.edu URL: http://serc.fiu.edu/sercindex/index.htm Metadata Provider Organization: Florida Coastal Everglades LTER Address: Florida International University 11200 SW 8th Street, OE 148 Miami, FL 33199 USA Phone: 305-348-6054 Email: fcelter@fiu.edu URL: https://fcelter.fiu.edu Dataset Abstract Dissolved organic matter plays an important role in biogeochemical processes in aquatic environments such as elemental cycling, microbial loop energetics, and the transport of materials across landscapes. Since most of N (> 90%) and P (around 90%) is in the organic form in the oligotrophic subtropical Florida Coastal Everglades (FCE), study of the source and dynamics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the ecosystem is crucial for the better understanding of the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients. FCE are composed of estuaries with distinct regions with different biogeochemical processes. Freshwater marsh primarily receives terrestrial input and local autochthonous vegetation production. Mangrove ecotone, nevertheless, is affected by the tidal contributions from Florida Bay and local mangrove production. Florida Bay (FB) is a wedge-shaped shallow oligotrophic estuary which lays south of the Everglades, the bottom of which is covered with a dense biomass of seagrass. The sources of both freshwater and nutrients in FCE are difficult to quantify, owing to the non-point source nature of runoff from the Everglades and the dendritic cross channels in the mangroves. Furthermore, the combination of multiple DOM sources (freshwater marsh vegetation, mangroves, phytoplankton, seagrass, etc.), and the potential seasonal variability of their relative contribution, along with the history of (photo)chemical and microbial diagenetic processing, and complex advective circulation, makes the study of DOM dynamics in FCE particularly difficult using standard schemes of estuarine ecology. Quantitative information of DOM is very useful to investigate the biogeochemical cycling of DOM to a certain degree, however, qualitative information is necessary to better understand the source and dynamics of DOM. Since fluorescence spectroscopic techniques are very sensitive, quick and simple, they have been applied to investigate the fate of DOM in estuaries. Geographic Coverage Study Extent Description The Study Extent of this dataset includes the Shark River Slough, Taylor Slough and Florida Bay of FCE research sites within Everglades National Park, South Florida Bounding Coordinates Geographic description: SRS2 West bounding coordinate: -80.78520692 East bounding coordinate: -80.78520692 North bounding coordinate: 25.54972811 South bounding coordinate: 25.54972811 Geographic description: SRS3 West bounding coordinate: -80.85327617 East bounding coordinate: -80.85327617 North bounding coordinate: 25.46820617 South bounding coordinate: 25.46820617 Geographic description: SRS4 West bounding coordinate: -80.96431016 East bounding coordinate: -80.96431016 North bounding coordinate: 25.40976421 South bounding coordinate: 25.40976421 Geographic description: SRS6 West bounding coordinate: -81.07794623 East bounding coordinate: -81.07794623 North bounding coordinate: 25.36462994 South bounding coordinate: 25.36462994 Geographic description: TS/Ph2 West bounding coordinate: -80.60690341 East bounding coordinate: -80.60690341 North bounding coordinate: 25.40357188 South bounding coordinate: 25.40357188 Geographic description: TS/Ph3 West bounding coordinate: -80.66271768 East bounding coordinate: -80.66271768 North bounding coordinate: 25.25240534 South bounding coordinate: 25.25240534 Geographic description: TS/Ph4 West bounding coordinate: -80.52209443 East bounding coordinate: -80.52209443 North bounding coordinate: 25.31472178 South bounding coordinate: 25.31472178 Geographic description: TS/Ph7a West bounding coordinate: -80.63910514 East bounding coordinate: -80.63910514 North bounding coordinate: 25.19080491 South bounding coordinate: 25.19080491 FCE LTER Sites: SRS2, SRS3, SRS4,SRS6, TS/Ph2, TS/Ph3, TS/Ph4, TS/Ph7a Temporal Coverage Start Date: 2004-10-01 End Date: 2014-02-01 Data Table Entity Name: LT_ND_Jaffe_004 Entity Description: Monthly monitoring fluorescence data for Shark River Slough and Taylor Slough, Everglades National Park (FCE) Object Name: LT_ND_Jaffe_004.csv Data Format Number of Header Lines: 1 Attribute Orientation: column Field Delimiter: , Number of Records: Attributes Attribute Name: Sample_Name Attribute Label: sample name Attribute Definition: Sample ID Storage Type: text Measurement Scale: text Missing Value Code: Attribute Name: SITENAME Attribute Label: sitename Attribute Definition: Name of LTER site Storage Type: text Measurement Scale: text Missing Value Code: Attribute Name: Date Attribute Label: date Attribute Definition: Collection date Storage Type: datetime Measurement Scale: Missing Value Code: Attribute Name: FI Attribute Label: Fluorescence Index Attribute Definition: Ratio of emission intensities at 450 and 500 nm obtained at a fixed Storage Type: data Measurement Scale: Units: dimensionless Precision: 0.01 Number Type: real Missing Value Code: -9999.00 (Value will never be recorded) Attribute Name: A_254 Attribute Label: Absorbance Attribute Definition: UV-Vis absorbance at 254 nm; note that 1 cm pathlength used Storage Type: data Measurement Scale: Units: dimensionless Precision: 0.001 Number Type: real Missing Value Code: -9999.000 (Value will never be recorded) Attribute Name: DOC Attribute Label: Dissolved Organic Carbon Attribute Definition: Dissolved Organic Carbon Storage Type: data Measurement Scale: Units: milligramsPerLiter Precision: 0.01 Number Type: real Missing Value Code: -9999.00 (Value will never be recorded) Attribute Name: SUVA254 Attribute Label: Specific UV absorbance Attribute Definition: UV absorbance at 254 nm normalized for DOC Storage Type: data Measurement Scale: Units: litersPerMeterMilligram Precision: 0.01 Number Type: real Missing Value Code: -9999.00 (Value will never be recorded) Attribute Name: Abs_Naperian Attribute Label: Naperian Absorbance Attribute Definition: Naperian UV-Vis absorbance at 254 nm Storage Type: data Measurement Scale: Units: dimensionless Precision: 0.001 Number Type: real Missing Value Code: -9999.000 (Value will never be recorded) Attribute Name: SUVA_Naperian Attribute Label: Naperian Specific UV absorbance Attribute Definition: Naperian UV absorbance at 254 nm normalized for DOC Storage Type: data Measurement Scale: Units: litersPerMeterMilligram Precision: 0.01 Number Type: real Missing Value Code: -9999.00 (Value will never be recorded) Attribute Name: C1 Attribute Label: C1 Attribute Definition: component 1 of EEM-PARAFAC Storage Type: data Measurement Scale: Units: QSU Precision: 0.01 Number Type: real Missing Value Code: -9999.00 (Value will never be recorded) Attribute Name: C2 Attribute Label: C2 Attribute Definition: component 2 of EEM-PARAFAC Storage Type: data Measurement Scale: Units: QSU Precision: 0.01 Number Type: real Missing Value Code: -9999.00 (Value will never be recorded) Attribute Name: C3 Attribute Label: C3 Attribute Definition: component 3 of EEM-PARAFAC Storage Type: data Measurement Scale: Units: QSU Precision: 0.01 Number Type: real Missing Value Code: -9999.00 (Value will never be recorded) Attribute Name: C4 Attribute Label: C4 Attribute Definition: component 4 of EEM-PARAFAC Storage Type: data Measurement Scale: Units: QSU Precision: 0.01 Number Type: real Missing Value Code: -9999.00 (Value will never be recorded) Attribute Name: C5 Attribute Label: C5 Attribute Definition: component 5 of EEM-PARAFAC Storage Type: data Measurement Scale: Units: QSU Precision: 0.01 Number Type: real Missing Value Code: -9999.00 (Value will never be recorded) Attribute Name: C6 Attribute Label: C6 Attribute Definition: component 6 of EEM-PARAFAC Storage Type: data Measurement Scale: Units: QSU Precision: 0.01 Number Type: real Missing Value Code: -9999.00 (Value will never be recorded) Attribute Name: C7 Attribute Label: C7 Attribute Definition: component 7 of EEM-PARAFAC Storage Type: data Measurement Scale: Units: QSU Precision: 0.01 Number Type: real Missing Value Code: -9999.00 (Value will never be recorded) Attribute Name: C8 Attribute Label: C8 Attribute Definition: component 8 of EEM-PARAFAC Storage Type: data Measurement Scale: Units: QSU Precision: 0.01 Number Type: real Missing Value Code: -9999.00 (Value will never be recorded) Attribute Name: SUM Attribute Label: Sum of the loadings for all 8 PARAFAC components (AKA total modeled fluorescence intensity) Attribute Definition: Sum of the loadings for all 8 PARAFAC components (AKA total modeled fluorescence intensity) Storage Type: data Measurement Scale: Units: QSU Precision: 0.01 Number Type: real Missing Value Code: -9999.00 (Value will never be recorded) Attribute Name: %C1 Attribute Label: %C1 Attribute Definition: component 1 of EEM-PARAFAC Storage Type: data Measurement Scale: Units: percent Precision: 0.01 Number Type: real Missing Value Code: -9999.00 (Value will never be recorded) Attribute Name: %C2 Attribute Label: %C2 Attribute Definition: component 2 of EEM-PARAFAC Storage Type: data Measurement Scale: Units: percent Precision: 0.01 Number Type: real Missing Value Code: -9999.00 (Value will never be recorded) Attribute Name: %C3 Attribute Label: %C3 Attribute Definition: component 3 of EEM-PARAFAC Storage Type: data Measurement Scale: Units: percent Precision: 0.01 Number Type: real Missing Value Code: -9999.00 (Value will never be recorded) Attribute Name: %C4 Attribute Label: %C4 Attribute Definition: component 4 of EEM-PARAFAC Storage Type: data Measurement Scale: Units: percent Precision: 0.01 Number Type: real Missing Value Code: -9999.00 (Value will never be recorded) Attribute Name: %C5 Attribute Label: %C5 Attribute Definition: component 5 of EEM-PARAFAC Storage Type: data Measurement Scale: Units: percent Precision: 0.01 Number Type: real Missing Value Code: -9999.00 (Value will never be recorded) Attribute Name: %C6 Attribute Label: %C6 Attribute Definition: component 6 of EEM-PARAFAC Storage Type: data Measurement Scale: Units: percent Precision: 0.01 Number Type: real Missing Value Code: -9999.00 (Value will never be recorded) Attribute Name: %C7 Attribute Label: %C7 Attribute Definition: component 7 of EEM-PARAFAC Storage Type: data Measurement Scale: Units: percent Precision: 0.01 Number Type: real Missing Value Code: -9999.00 (Value will never be recorded) Attribute Name: %C8 Attribute Label: %C8 Attribute Definition: component 8 of EEM-PARAFAC Storage Type: data Measurement Scale: Units: percent Precision: 0.01 Number Type: real Missing Value Code: -9999.00 (Value will never be recorded) Methods Sampling Description Water samples were collected monthly during October 2004 to September 2008 from a total of 17 sampling stations located in the coastal estuaries of the southern tip of the Florida Peninsula, USA. These stations were established for an on-going water quality monitoring program (http://www.serc.fiu.edu/wqmnetwork). Sampling stations can be largely grouped into 3 distinct districts based on the geomorphological features, that is, Florida Bay (FB, 3 sampling stations), Shark River Slough (SRS, 6 sampling stations), and Taylor Slough (TSPH, 8 sampling stations). Surface water samples were taken from the these stations. The samples were collected using pre-washed, brown Nalgen polyethylene bottles (Nalge Nunc International). Salinity of the water samples was measured in the field using an Orion salinity meter. The samples were stored on ice and returned to the laboratory within 8 h for analysis. Subsamples for spectroscopic analysis were filtered through precombusted Whatman GF/F glass fiber filters once received in the laboratory and analyzed immediately. Method Step Description Total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations were analyzed by a high-temperature combustion method with a Shimadzu TOC-5000A TOC analyzer. In advance the analysis, samples were acidified with 3M HCl, and purged with N2 gas to remove inorganic C. Ancillary physical and chemical parameters were measured using standar methods as part of on-going estuarine water quality monitoring program http://www.serc.fiu.edu/wqmnetwork. Detailed methods will be found elsewhere. For escitation-emission matrix (EEM) measurements, fluorescences spectra were measured with a Jobin-Yvon-Horiba (France) Spex Fluoromax-3 fluorometer equipped with a 150-W continuous output xenon arc lamp under condition of 5.7-nm excitation and 2-nm emission slit widths and a 0.25 second response time. Forty-four emission scans were acquired at excitation wavelengths (lamda ex) between 240 and 455 nm at 5 nm intervals. Them emission wavelengths were scanned from lamda ex + 10 nm to lamda ex + 250 nm at 2 nm intervals (Coble et al., 1993 and Coble, 1996). All fluorescence spectra were acquired in ratio mode, whereby the sample (emission signal, S) and reference (excitation lamp output, R) signals were collected and the ratio (S/R) was calculated. The ratio mode eliminates the influence of possible fluctuation and wavelength dependency of excitation lamp output. Several post-acquisition steps were involved in the correction of the fluorescence spectra. First, an inner filter corrections was applied to the fluorescence data according to McKnight et al. (2001). After inner filter corrections the sample EEM underwent spectral subtraction of the Milli-Q water to remove most of the effects due to Raman scattering. Instrument bias related to wavelength dependent efficiencies of the specific instrument's optical components (gratings, mirrors, etc.) were then corrected by applying multiplication factors, supplied by the manufacturer, for both excitation and emission wavelengths for the range of observations. Finally, the fluorescence intensity values were converted to quinine sulfate unit (QSU;1QSU=1 ngL-1 of quinine sulfate monohydroxide) to facilitate inter-laboratory comparisons (Coble et al., 1993). From the 370 nm scan a fluorescence index (FI) was calculated (McKnight et al., 2001). Milli-Q water was used as a reference for all fluorescence analysis. UV-visible measurements of the water samples were carried out with 1cm quartz UV-visible cells at room temperature (20 degrees C), using a Varian CARY 50 Bio UV-visible spectrophotometer. Milli-Q water was used as the reference. References: Battin, T J 1998. Dissolved organic matter and its optical properties in a blackwater tributary of the upper Orinoco river, Venezuela. Organic Geochemistry, 28: 561-569. Chen, Meilian L. 2010. Comparative study of dissolved organic matter from groundwater and surface water in the Florida costal Everglades using multi-dimensional spectrofluorometry combined with multivariate statistics. Applied Geochemistry, 25: 872-880. De Souza Sierra, M M 1997. Spectral identification and behavior of dissolved organic fluorescence material during estuarine mixing processes. Marine Chemistry, 58: 51-58. Donard, O F 1989. High-sensitivity fluorescence spectroscopy of Mediterranean waters using a conventional or a pulsed laser excitation source. Marine Chemistry, 27: 117-136. Helms, John R. 2008. Absorption spectral slopes and slope ratios as indicators of molecular weight, source, and photobleaching of chromophoric dissolved organic matter. Limnology and Oceanography, 53(3): 955-969. Lu, X Q 2003. Molecular characterization of dissolved organic matter in freshwater wetlands of the Florida Everglades. Water Research, 37: 2599-2606. McKnight, Diane M 2001. Spectrofluorometric characterization of dissolved organic matter for indication of precursor organic material and aromaticity. Limnology and Oceanography, 46: 38-48. Stedmon, Colin A. 2003. Tracing dissolved organic matter in aquatic environments using a new approach to fluorescence spectroscopy . Marine Chemistry, 82: 239-254. Weishaar, James L. 2003. Evaluation of Specific Ultraviolet Absorbance as an Indicator of the Chemical Composition and Reactivity of Dissolved Organic Carbon . Environmental Science and Technology, 37: 4702-4708. Yamashita, Youhei 2010. Dissolved organic matter characteristics across a subtropical wetland's landscape: Application of optical properties in the assessment of environmental dynamics. Ecosystems, 13: 1006-1019. Instrumentation Whatman 0.7um glass fiber filers, Shimadzu TOC-5000A Analyzer, Jobin Yvon Horiba (France) Spex Fluoromax-3 fluorometer, Varian CARY 50 Bio UV visible spectrophotometer Quality Control Fluorescence measurements are corrected for internal absorbance quenching. Fluorescence spectra are corrected for internal instrument configuration using excitation and emission correction factors. For DOC, Humic carbon and carbohydrate data, we create calibration curves with standards and then graph the data. Distribution Online distribution: https://pasta.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/knb-lter-fce/1174/8/a3dea019daa2f494bc3e3782aebbf093 Intellectual Rights This information is released under the Creative Commons license - Attribution - CC BY (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). The consumer of these data ("Data User" herein) is required to cite it appropriately in any publication that results from its use. The Data User should realize that these data may be actively used by others for ongoing research and that coordination may be necessary to prevent duplicate publication. The Data User is urged to contact the authors of these data if any questions about methodology or results occur. Where appropriate, the Data User is encouraged to consider collaboration or co-authorship with the authors. The Data User should realize that misinterpretation of data may occur if used out of context of the original study. While substantial efforts are made to ensure the accuracy of data and associated documentation, complete accuracy of data sets cannot be guaranteed. All data are made available "as is." The Data User should be aware, however, that data are updated periodically and it is the responsibility of the Data User to check for new versions of the data. The data authors and the repository where these data were obtained shall not be liable for damages resulting from any use or misinterpretation of the data. Thank you. Dataset Keywords organic matter FCE Florida Coastal Everglades LTER ecological research long-term monitoring Everglades National Park Dissolved organic matter Taylor Slough Shark River Slough Fluorescence Index Absorbance Specific UV absorbance fluorescence water total organic carbon estuarine sulfate emissions Data Submission Date: 2015-07-29 Maintenance knb-lter-fce.1174.8: Updated metadata to EML 2.2.0, added creator ORCID and organization ROR ids, updated project information with award elements; added .csv extension to data file name (no changes to data) Dataset Contact Name: Rudolf Jaffe Position: Project Collaborator Organization: Florida Coastal Everglades LTER Program Address: Florida International University University Park Miami, Florida 33199 USA Phone: 305-348-2456 Email: jaffer@fiu.edu URL: http://serc.fiu.edu/sercindex/index.htm Position: Information Manager Organization: Florida Coastal Everglades LTER Address: Florida International University 11200 SW 8th Street, OE 148 Miami, FL 33199 USA Email: fcelter@fiu.edu URL: https://fcelter.fiu.edu Dataset Submission Date 2015-07-29 Data Submission Notes This is a short-term DOM dataset. As per Dr. Rudolf Jaffe, these data will NOT be updated. Please note that the methods have changed in this new version (1174.4) so the measurements and values for the measurements have changed when compared to the previous version. This new version 1174.4 is considered the correct version. No missing value code has been assigned to 'blank' cells as those values may be submitted in future data set versions. If data are missing a -9999 code will be assigned. Information Management Notes These data are related to the monthly monitoring of Fluorescence data found in LT_ND_Jaffe_001. This is a long-term DOM dataset and subsequent data will be appended. This dataset replaces the original version of LT_ND_Jaffe_004. The FCE program is discontinuing its practice of versioning data as of March 2013.