Dataset title: Quantitative and qualitative aspects of dissolved organic carbon leached from plant biomass in Taylor Slough, Shark River and Florida Bay (FCE) for samples collected in July 2004 Dataset ID: ST_ND_Jaffe_001 Research type: Short-term Dataset Creator Name: Dr. Rudolf Jaffe Position: Lead Principal Investigator Organization: Florida Coastal Everglades LTER Program Address: Florida International University University Park OE 148 Miami, Florida 33199 USA Phone: 305-348-2456 Fax: 305-348-4096 Email: jaffer@fiu.edu URL: http://serc.fiu.edu/sercindex/index.htm Metadata Provider Organization: Florida Coastal Everglades LTER Program Address: Florida International University University Park OE 148 Miami, FL 33199 USA Phone: 305-348-6054 Email: fcelter@fiu.edu URL: http://fcelter.fiu.edu Dataset Abstract Plant biomass was collected from Taylor Slough, Shark River and Florida Bay in Everglades National Park. Samples were taken to the lab and incubated with Milli-Q water in the dark for a period of 36 days. NaN3 was added to half the bottles to test the role of microbial activity on the leaching rates and composition of leachate. Every three days the water was decanted and replaced with fresh Milli-Q water. The decanted samples were filtered and analyzed for DOC concentration, sugar content, and total phenol content. Geographic Coverage Study Extent Description The Study Extent of this dataset includes biomass samples collected from the Everglades National Park, South Florida. Bounding Coordinates Geographic description: Biomass samples were collected in the Everglades National Park, South Florida. West bounding coordinate: -80.681 East bounding coordinate: -80.607 North bounding coordinate: 25.404 South bounding coordinate: 25.025 Geographic description: Florida Coastal Everglades LTER Study Area: South Florida, Everglades National Park, and Florida Bay West bounding coordinate: -81.078 East bounding coordinate: -80.490 North bounding coordinate: 25.761 South bounding coordinate: 24.913 FCE LTER Sites: TS/Ph2, TS/Ph7b, TS/Ph10 All Sites Geographic Description:FCE LTER Site TS/Ph7b Longitude:-80.642 Latitude:25.197 Geographic Description:FCE LTER Site TS/Ph2 Longitude:-80.607 Latitude:25.404 Geographic Description:FCE LTER Site TS/Ph10 Longitude:-80.681 Latitude:25.025 Temporal Coverage Start Date: 2004-07-22 End Date: 2004-08-22 Data Table Entity Name: ST_ND_Jaffe_001 Entity Description: Qualitative and quantitative aspects of dissolved organic carbon leached from plants in an oligotrophic wetland. Object Name: ST_ND_Jaffe_001 Data Format Number of Header Lines: 1 Attribute Orientation: column Field Delimiter: , Number of Records: Attributes Attribute Name: SITENAME Attribute Label: sitename Attribute Definition: Name of LTER site Storage Type: text Measurement Scale: Name of LTER site Missing Value Code: Attribute Name: Sample_ID Attribute Label: Sample Attribute Definition: Name of plant biomass Storage Type: text Measurement Scale: Name of plant biomass Missing Value Code: Attribute Name: Date Attribute Label: Date Attribute Definition: Collection Date Storage Type: datetime Measurement Scale: Missing Value Code: Attribute Name: TOC Attribute Label: Total organic carbon Attribute Definition: Total organic carbon concentration Storage Type: data Measurement Scale: Units: gramsPerKilogram Precision: 0.01 Number Type: real Missing Value Code: -9999.00 (Value will never be recorded ) Attribute Name: Polyphenols Attribute Label: Polyphenols Attribute Definition: Total phenol concentration Storage Type: data Measurement Scale: Units: gramsPerKilogram Precision: 0.01 Number Type: real Missing Value Code: -9999.00 (Value will never be recorded ) Attribute Name: Sugars Attribute Label: Sugars Attribute Definition: Total sugar concentration Storage Type: data Measurement Scale: Units: gramsPerKilogram Precision: 0.01 Number Type: real Missing Value Code: -9999.00 (Value will never be recorded ) Methods Sampling Description Senescent yellow leaves of red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) were handpicked from trees along the mangrove fringe of Northeast Florida Bay (TS/Ph7b = 25 degrees 19 minutes N, -80 degrees 64 minutes W). Senescent above-ground plant biomass samples of sawgrass (Cladium jamaicense), spikerush (Eleocharis cellulosa), cattail (Typha domingensis), and both dry and wet periphyton mats were collected from a freshwater prairie in ENP (TS/Ph2 = 25 degrees 40 minutes N, -80 degrees 61 minutes W). Both dry and wet periphyton mats were investigated in this experiment because dry periphyton, which is formed in the slough during the dry season, is considered to contribute DOM when it is rewetted in the beginning of the rainy season, while wet periphyton from high hydroperiod areas produce DOM throughout the entire season. Seagrass (Thalassia testudinum) was collected from Florida Bay (TS/Ph10 = 25 degrees 02 minutes N, -80 degrees 68 minutes W). Sawgrass, spikerush, and cattail sheaths and blades were cut into fragments about 8 cm in length, while dried periphyton samples were passed through a 5-mm mesh sieve to minimize the variation in the quality between replicates. Mangrove leaves and wet periphyton were used without any pretreatment. Seagrass blades were used after a gentle rinsing with Milli-Q water. Method Step Description Ten grams of biomass sample (20 g of periphyton) were placed into 250-ml Nalgene brown bottles. The bottles were filled with 200-250 ml of Milli-Q water and incubated in the dark. Milli-Q water was used as the extractant to avoid (1) post-leaching processing of DOM such as complexation/precipitation and oxidation/polymerization, which affect the quantitative analyses of leachate, and (2) contamination of natural water UDOM in biomass leached UDOM. Furthermore, polyphenols especially leached from mangrove leaves are unstable under high salinity conditions (unpublished data); we therefore used Milli-Q water to investigate the potential leaching amount of DOC from biomass. To unify the experimental conditions, seagrass was also immersed into Milli-Q water. We added 1 mg ml-1 of NaN3 as a bacteriostat to half of the bottles (referred as to w/ NaN3, and w/o NaN3 treatments, respectively) to test the role of microbial activity on the leaching rates and composition of leachate. The incubations ran for 36 days, and every three days, the water was decanted from each bottle and replaced with fresh Milli-Q water (w/ or w/o NaN3). The decanted samples were first filtered through pre-combusted (470 degrees C for 4h) GF-F glass fiber filters (nominal pore size, 0.7 um), and then through a 0.22 um Durapore membrane filter. Water samples decanted from the periphyton treatments were centrifuged to remove suspended solids at 3,000 rpm for 10 min before filtration. The precipitation obtained by centrifugation was returned to the sample bottle. The filtered water samples were stored at 4 degrees C for no more than 1 week before analyses. The DOC content of the water samples was analyzed using a total organic carbon analyzer after acidifying the sample (pH less than 2) with HCl and purging with N2 gas for 5 min. Although some mangrove leachate produced a fine particulate upon acidification, probably due to aggregation of polyphenols, they were uniformly dispersed through purging with N2 gas, and the average of standard deviation (SD) of measurements was less than 3%. The sugar content of the water samples was analyzed colorimetrically using the Phenol-Sulfuric Acid Method (Dubois et al. 1956; Liu et al. 1973). Briefly, 1 ml of water sample and 1 ml of 5% phenol aqueous solution (w/v) was pipetted into a test tube, and then 5 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid was added. After mixing vigorously with a vortex mixer, the solution was shaken on a reciprocating shaker for 30 min and the absorbance at 490 nm was measured using a UV-Vis scanning spectrophotometer. Glucose solutions, of concentrations ranging from 4 to 40 mg C L-1, were used as calibration standards. The detection limit of this method (absorption = 0.01) was around 0.4 mg C L-1 with a 1-cm pathlength quartz cuvette. Total phenol content was measured colorimetrically using Folin-Denis Method (Waterman & Mole 1994). Briefly, a 0.2-3.4 ml aliquot of water sample was pipetted into a test tube and the volume was increased to 3.4 ml by adding Milli-Q water if necessary. Then 0.2 ml of Folin-Denis reagent and 0.4 ml of saturated sodium carbonate solution were added in sequence. After standing for 30 min, the absorbance at 760 nm was measured on a Shimadzu UV-2101PC UV-visible spectrophotometer. Tannic acid solutions, of concentrations ranging from 1 to 5 mg C L-1, were used as calibration standards. The detection limit of this method (absorbance = 0.01) was around 0.25 mg C L-1 with a 1-cm pathlength quartz cuvette. Citation Dubois, M 1956-01-01. Colorimetric method for determination of sugar and related substances.. Analytical Chemistry, 28: 350-356. Instrumentation Whatman GF/F glass fiber filters Nalgene polyethylene bottles Shimadzu 2101PC Spectrophotometer Carlo Erba NA 1500 Nitrogen/Carbon Analyzer (Carlo Erba, Milan, Italy). Method Step Description Ten grams of biomass sample (20 g of periphyton) were placed into 250-ml Nalgene brown bottles. The bottles were filled with 200-250 ml of Milli-Q water and incubated in the dark. Milli-Q water was used as the extractant to avoid (1) post-leaching processing of DOM such as complexation/precipitation and oxidation/polymerization, which affect the quantitative analyses of leachate, and (2) contamination of natural water UDOM in biomass leached UDOM. Furthermore, polyphenols especially leached from mangrove leaves are unstable under high salinity conditions (unpublished data); we therefore used Milli-Q water to investigate the potential leaching amount of DOC from biomass. To unify the experimental conditions, seagrass was also immersed into Milli-Q water. We added 1 mg ml-1 of NaN3 as a bacteriostat to half of the bottles (referred as to w/ NaN3, and w/o NaN3 treatments, respectively) to test the role of microbial activity on the leaching rates and composition of leachate. The incubations ran for 36 days, and every three days, the water was decanted from each bottle and replaced with fresh Milli-Q water (w/ or w/o NaN3). The decanted samples were first filtered through pre-combusted (470 degrees C for 4h) GF-F glass fiber filters (nominal pore size, 0.7 um), and then through a 0.22 um Durapore membrane filter. Water samples decanted from the periphyton treatments were centrifuged to remove suspended solids at 3,000 rpm for 10 min before filtration. The precipitation obtained by centrifugation was returned to the sample bottle. The filtered water samples were stored at 4 degrees C for no more than 1 week before analyses. The DOC content of the water samples was analyzed using a total organic carbon analyzer after acidifying the sample (pH less than 2) with HCl and purging with N2 gas for 5 min. Although some mangrove leachate produced a fine particulate upon acidification, probably due to aggregation of polyphenols, they were uniformly dispersed through purging with N2 gas, and the average of standard deviation (SD) of measurements was less than 3%. The sugar content of the water samples was analyzed colorimetrically using the Phenol-Sulfuric Acid Method (Dubois et al. 1956; Liu et al. 1973). Briefly, 1 ml of water sample and 1 ml of 5% phenol aqueous solution (w/v) was pipetted into a test tube, and then 5 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid was added. After mixing vigorously with a vortex mixer, the solution was shaken on a reciprocating shaker for 30 min and the absorbance at 490 nm was measured using a UV-Vis scanning spectrophotometer. Glucose solutions, of concentrations ranging from 4 to 40 mg C L-1, were used as calibration standards. The detection limit of this method (absorption = 0.01) was around 0.4 mg C L-1 with a 1-cm pathlength quartz cuvette. Total phenol content was measured colorimetrically using Folin-Denis Method (Waterman & Mole 1994). Briefly, a 0.2-3.4 ml aliquot of water sample was pipetted into a test tube and the volume was increased to 3.4 ml by adding Milli-Q water if necessary. Then 0.2 ml of Folin-Denis reagent and 0.4 ml of saturated sodium carbonate solution were added in sequence. After standing for 30 min, the absorbance at 760 nm was measured on a Shimadzu UV-2101PC UV-visible spectrophotometer. Tannic acid solutions, of concentrations ranging from 1 to 5 mg C L-1, were used as calibration standards. The detection limit of this method (absorbance = 0.01) was around 0.25 mg C L-1 with a 1-cm pathlength quartz cuvette. Citation Liu, D 1973-01-01. Determination of carbohydrates in lake sediment by a modified phenol-sulfuric acid method.. Water Research, 7: 741-746. Instrumentation Whatman GF/F glass fiber filters Nalgene polyethylene bottles Shimadzu 2101PC Spectrophotometer Carlo Erba NA 1500 Nitrogen/Carbon Analyzer (Carlo Erba, Milan, Italy). Method Step Description Ten grams of biomass sample (20 g of periphyton) were placed into 250-ml Nalgene brown bottles. The bottles were filled with 200-250 ml of Milli-Q water and incubated in the dark. Milli-Q water was used as the extractant to avoid (1) post-leaching processing of DOM such as complexation/precipitation and oxidation/polymerization, which affect the quantitative analyses of leachate, and (2) contamination of natural water UDOM in biomass leached UDOM. Furthermore, polyphenols especially leached from mangrove leaves are unstable under high salinity conditions (unpublished data); we therefore used Milli-Q water to investigate the potential leaching amount of DOC from biomass. To unify the experimental conditions, seagrass was also immersed into Milli-Q water. We added 1 mg ml-1 of NaN3 as a bacteriostat to half of the bottles (referred as to w/ NaN3, and w/o NaN3 treatments, respectively) to test the role of microbial activity on the leaching rates and composition of leachate. The incubations ran for 36 days, and every three days, the water was decanted from each bottle and replaced with fresh Milli-Q water (w/ or w/o NaN3). The decanted samples were first filtered through pre-combusted (470 degrees C for 4h) GF-F glass fiber filters (nominal pore size, 0.7 um), and then through a 0.22 um Durapore membrane filter. Water samples decanted from the periphyton treatments were centrifuged to remove suspended solids at 3,000 rpm for 10 min before filtration. The precipitation obtained by centrifugation was returned to the sample bottle. The filtered water samples were stored at 4 degrees C for no more than 1 week before analyses. The DOC content of the water samples was analyzed using a total organic carbon analyzer after acidifying the sample (pH less than 2) with HCl and purging with N2 gas for 5 min. Although some mangrove leachate produced a fine particulate upon acidification, probably due to aggregation of polyphenols, they were uniformly dispersed through purging with N2 gas, and the average of standard deviation (SD) of measurements was less than 3%. The sugar content of the water samples was analyzed colorimetrically using the Phenol-Sulfuric Acid Method (Dubois et al. 1956; Liu et al. 1973). Briefly, 1 ml of water sample and 1 ml of 5% phenol aqueous solution (w/v) was pipetted into a test tube, and then 5 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid was added. After mixing vigorously with a vortex mixer, the solution was shaken on a reciprocating shaker for 30 min and the absorbance at 490 nm was measured using a UV-Vis scanning spectrophotometer. Glucose solutions, of concentrations ranging from 4 to 40 mg C L-1, were used as calibration standards. The detection limit of this method (absorption = 0.01) was around 0.4 mg C L-1 with a 1-cm pathlength quartz cuvette. Total phenol content was measured colorimetrically using Folin-Denis Method (Waterman & Mole 1994). Briefly, a 0.2-3.4 ml aliquot of water sample was pipetted into a test tube and the volume was increased to 3.4 ml by adding Milli-Q water if necessary. Then 0.2 ml of Folin-Denis reagent and 0.4 ml of saturated sodium carbonate solution were added in sequence. After standing for 30 min, the absorbance at 760 nm was measured on a Shimadzu UV-2101PC UV-visible spectrophotometer. Tannic acid solutions, of concentrations ranging from 1 to 5 mg C L-1, were used as calibration standards. The detection limit of this method (absorbance = 0.01) was around 0.25 mg C L-1 with a 1-cm pathlength quartz cuvette. Citation Waterman, P G 1994-01-01. Analysis of phenolic plant metabolites.. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, London, 238 pp. Instrumentation Whatman GF/F glass fiber filters Nalgene polyethylene bottles Shimadzu 2101PC Spectrophotometer Carlo Erba NA 1500 Nitrogen/Carbon Analyzer (Carlo Erba, Milan, Italy). Quality Control Statistical analyses (Student's T-test), a curve-fit, and a nonhierarchical principal compponent analysis (PCA) were performed for data quality and significance. Distribution Online distribution: http://fcelter.fiu.edu/perl/public_data_download.pl?datasetid=ST_ND_Jaffe_001.txt Intellectual Rights These data are classified as 'Type II' whereby original FCE LTER experimental data collected by individual FCE researchers to be released to restricted audiences according to terms specified by the owners of the data. Type II data are considered to be exceptional and should be rare in occurrence. The justification for exceptions must be well documented and approved by the lead PI and Site Data Manager. Some examples of Type II data restrictions may include: locations of rare or endangered species, data that are covered under prior licensing or copyright (e.g., SPOT satellite data), or covered by the Human Subjects Act, Student Dissertation data and those data related to the FCE LTER Program but not funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under LTER grants #DEB-9910514, and # DBI-0620409. Researchers that make use of Type II Data may be subject to additional restrictions to protect any applicable commercial or confidentiality interests. All publications based on this dataset must cite the data Contributor, the Florida Coastal Everglades Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Program and that this material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation through the Florida Coastal Everglades Long-Term Ecological Research program under Cooperative Agreements #DEB-1237517, #DBI-0620409, and #DEB-9910514. Additionally, two copies of the manuscript must be submitted to the Florida Coastal Everglades LTER Program Office, LTER Program Manager, Florida International University, Southeast Environmental Research Center, OE 148, University Park, Miami, Florida 33199. For a complete description of the FCE LTER Data Access Policy and Data User Agreement, please go to FCE Data Management Policy at http://fcelter.fiu.edu/data/DataMgmt.pdf and LTER Network Data Access Policy at http://fcelter.fiu.edu/data/core/data_user_agreement/distribution_policy.html. Dataset Keywords FCE Florida Coastal Everglades LTER ecological research long-term monitoring Everglades National Park Taylor Slough biomass plants plant biomass Shark River Slough Florida Bay NaN3 DOC Total sugars Total phenol Ultrafiltration 13C NMR TMAH thermochemolysis TOC Polyphenol Sugar periphyton dissolved organic carbon total organic carbon carbon Data Submission Date: 2005-09-08 Maintenance This is a short-term DOM dataset. This dataset replaces the original version named ST_ND_Jaffe_001. The FCE program is discontinuing its practice of versioning data as of March 2013. Dataset Contact Position: Information Manager Organization: LTER Network Office Address: UNM Biology Department, MSC03-2020 1 University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 USA Phone: 505 277-2535 Fax: 505 277-2541 Email: tech-support@lternet.edu URL: http://www.lternet.edu Position: Information Manager Organization: Florida Coastal Everglades LTER Program Address: Florida International University University Park OE 148 Miami, FL 33199 USA Phone: 305-348-6054 Fax: 305-348-4096 Email: fcelter@fiu.edu URL: http://fcelter.fiu.edu Dataset Submission Date 2005-09-08 Information Management Notes This is a short-term DOM dataset. This dataset replaces the original version named ST_ND_Jaffe_001. The FCE program is discontinuing its practice of versioning data as of March 2013.