Dataset title: Monthly monitoring of Fluorescence, UV, Humic and non-Humic Carbon, Carbohydrates, and DOC for Shark River Slough, Taylor Slough, and Florida Bay, Everglades National Park (FCE) for January 2002 to Present Dataset ID: LT_ND_Jaffe_001 Research type: Long-Term Dataset Creator Name: Dr. Rudolf Jaffe Position: Lead Principal Investigator Organization: Florida Coastal Everglades LTER Program Address: Florida International University University Park OE 148 Miami, Florida 33199 USA Phone: 305-348-2456 Fax: 305-348-4096 Email: jaffer@fiu.edu URL: http://serc.fiu.edu/sercindex/index.htm Metadata Provider Organization: Florida Coastal Everglades LTER Program Address: Florida International University University Park OE 148 Miami, FL 33199 USA Phone: 305-348-6054 Email: fcelter@fiu.edu URL: http://fcelter.fiu.edu Dataset Abstract A better understanding of the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients in the Florida Coastal Everglades is a key issue regarding the restoration of the Everglades, which is expected to change the water quality throughout South Florida. In addition to rain, the main freshwater supply to Florida Bay will be derived from Taylor Slough and the C-111 Basin in the north-east section of the Bay. While it is known that these areas deliver significant amounts of nitrogen to the Bay, a significant portion of this nitrogen is in its dissolved organic form (DON). The sources, environmental fate and bioavailability to microorganisms of this DON are however, not known. Preliminary data suggest that although proteins have been detected in canal samples, labile dissolved organic matter (DOM) components were found to increase in abundance in the freshwater marshes compared to their levels in the adjacent canal waters. Leaching experiments of biomass showed the presence of such labile DOM. However, this DOM was found to be susceptible to both biodegradation and photodecomposition. In this study we will focus on the determination of the molecular characteristics of both DOM and DON and assess the bioavailability of these materials in transects ranging from the C-111 canal and Taylor Slough to the central part of Florida Bay. Relevant water quality and spectroscopic parameters will be monitored at 11 sites on a monthly basis, while six of these sites will be sampled biannually for DOM and DON chemical characterization and bioavailability studies. Advanced analytical techniques such as pyrolysis-GC/MS, FTIR, 13C- and 15N-NMR, gel electrophoresis and LC/MS will be used in the molecular characterization effort. We envisage that this study will allow for a better assessment of the sources of DON and its bioavailability in this system. Geographic Coverage Study Extent Description The Study Extent of this dataset includes the FCE Shark River Slough, Taylor Slough, and Florida Bay research sites within Everglades National Park, South Florida Bounding Coordinates Geographic description: Samples were collected in the Taylor Slough and Shark River Slough, within Everglades National Park, South Florida. West bounding coordinate: -81.078 East bounding coordinate: -80.490 North bounding coordinate: 25.761 South bounding coordinate: 24.913 Geographic description: Florida Coastal Everglades LTER Study Area: South Florida, Everglades National Park, and Florida Bay West bounding coordinate: -81.078 East bounding coordinate: -80.490 North bounding coordinate: 25.761 South bounding coordinate: 24.913 FCE LTER Sites: SRS1a, SRS2, SRS3, SRS4, SRS5, SRS6, TS/Ph1a, TS/Ph2, TS/Ph3, TS/Ph4, TS/Ph5, TS/Ph6a, TS/Ph7a, TS/Ph8, TS/Ph9, TS/Ph10, TS/Ph11, S-332, E-1, E-2, TC, W3, and C-111. All Sites Geographic Description:FCE LTER Site SRS1a Longitude:-80.727 Latitude:25.761 Geographic Description:FCE LTER Site SRS2 Longitude:-80.785 Latitude:25.550 Geographic Description:FCE LTER Site SRS3 Longitude:-80.853 Latitude:25.468 Geographic Description:FCE LTER Site SRS4 Longitude:-80.964 Latitude:25.410 Geographic Description:FCE LTER Site SRS5 Longitude:-81.032 Latitude:25.377 Geographic Description:FCE LTER Site SRS6 Longitude:-81.078 Latitude:25.365 Geographic Description:FCE LTER Site TS/Ph1a Longitude:-80.59 Latitude:25.42 Geographic Description:FCE LTER Site TS/Ph2 Longitude:-80.61 Latitude:25.40 Geographic Description:FCE LTER Site TS/Ph3 Longitude:-80.66 Latitude:25.25 Geographic Description:FCE LTER Site TS/Ph4 Longitude:-80.52 Latitude:25.32 Geographic Description:FCE LTER Site TS/Ph5 Longitude:-80.52 Latitude:25.30 Geographic Description:FCE LTER Site TS/Ph6a Longitude:-80.65 Latitude:25.21 Geographic Description:FCE LTER Site TS/Ph7a Longitude:-80.64 Latitude:25.19 Geographic Description:FCE LTER Site TS/Ph8 Longitude:-80.53 Latitude:25.23 Geographic Description:FCE LTER Site TS/Ph9 Longitude:-80.49 Latitude:25.18 Geographic Description:FCE LTER Site TS/Ph10 Longitude:-80.68 Latitude:25.02 Geographic Description:FCE LTER Site TS/Ph11 Longitude:-80.94 Latitude:24.91 Geographic Description:E-1 Longitude:-80.46 Latitude:25.29 Geographic Description:E-2 Longitude:-80.46 Latitude:25.29 Geographic Description:S-332 Longitude:-80.590 Latitude:25.422 Geographic Description:C-111 Longitude:-80.52 Latitude:25.32 Geographic Description:TC Longitude:-80.53 Latitude:25.21 Geographic Description:W-3 Longitude:-80.52 Latitude:25.29 Temporal Coverage Start Date: 2002-01-01 End Date: 2004-08-01 Data Table Entity Name: LT_ND_Jaffe_001 Entity Description: Monthly monitoring (Fluorescence, UV, Humic and non-Humic Carbon, Carbohydrates, and DOC) data for Shark River Slough, Taylor Slough, and Florida Bay, Everglades National Park Object Name: LT_ND_Jaffe_001 Data Format Number of Header Lines: 1 Attribute Orientation: column Field Delimiter: , Number of Records: Attributes Attribute Name: SITENAME Attribute Label: sitename Attribute Definition: Name of LTER site Storage Type: text Measurement Scale: Name of LTER site Missing Value Code: Attribute Name: Date Attribute Label: date Attribute Definition: Collection date Storage Type: datetime Measurement Scale: Missing Value Code: Attribute Name: Max_WL Attribute Label: Maximum Wavelength Attribute Definition: Emission wavelength that gives maximum emission intensity at a fixed excitation wavelength of 313nm. Storage Type: data Measurement Scale: Units: nanometer Precision: 1 Number Type: real Missing Value Code: -9999 (Value will never be recorded ) Attribute Name: Max_I Attribute Label: Maximum Intensity Attribute Definition: Maximum emission intensity at a fixed excitation wavelength of 313nm. Storage Type: data Measurement Scale: Units: QSU Precision: 1 Number Type: real Missing Value Code: -9999 (Value will never be recorded ) Attribute Name: FI Attribute Label: Fluorescence Index Attribute Definition: Ratio of emission intensities at 450 and 500 nm obtained at a fixed excitation of 370 nm. Storage Type: data Measurement Scale: Units: dimensionless Precision: 0.001 Number Type: real Missing Value Code: -9999.000 (Value will never be recorded ) Attribute Name: %285 Attribute Label: %285 Attribute Definition: Obtained with a synchronous fluorescence scan and is used to determine the amount of proteinaceous material present in a water sample. Storage Type: data Measurement Scale: Units: percent Precision: 1 Number Type: real Missing Value Code: -9999 (Value will never be recorded ) Attribute Name: Peak_1 Attribute Label: Peak 1 maximum intensity Attribute Definition: Maximum emission intensity of the first peak of the sychronous scan. Storage Type: data Measurement Scale: Units: QSU Precision: 1 Number Type: real Missing Value Code: -9999 (Value will never be recorded ) Attribute Name: A_254 Attribute Label: Absorbance at 254 nm Attribute Definition: UV absobance at 254 nm. Storage Type: data Measurement Scale: Units: dimensionless Precision: 0.001 Number Type: real Missing Value Code: -9999.000 (Value will never be recorded ) Attribute Name: SUVA254 Attribute Label: SUVA 254 Attribute Definition: Specific UV absorbance. UV absorbance at 254 nm normalized for DOC concentration. Storage Type: data Measurement Scale: Units: milligramsPerLiter Precision: 0.01 Number Type: real Missing Value Code: -9999.00 (Value will never be recorded ) Attribute Name: H_C Attribute Label: Humic carbon Attribute Definition: Humic carbon fraction. Storage Type: data Measurement Scale: Units: microgramsPerMilliliter Precision: 0.01 Number Type: real Missing Value Code: -9999.00 (Value will never be recorded ) Attribute Name: NH_C Attribute Label: Non-humic carbon Attribute Definition: Carbon fraction that is non-humic Storage Type: data Measurement Scale: Units: microgramsPerMilliliter Precision: 0.01 Number Type: real Missing Value Code: -9999.00 (Value will never be recorded ) Attribute Name: %H_C Attribute Label: % Humic carbon Attribute Definition: Percent Humic carbon fraction Storage Type: data Measurement Scale: Units: percent Precision: 1 Number Type: real Missing Value Code: -9999 (Value will never be recorded ) Attribute Name: %NH_C Attribute Label: % Non-humic carbon Attribute Definition: Percent non-humic carbon fraction Storage Type: data Measurement Scale: Units: percent Precision: 1 Number Type: real Missing Value Code: -9999 (Value will never be recorded ) Attribute Name: %DOC Attribute Label: %Dissolved organic carbon Attribute Definition: Percentage dissolved organic carbon. Storage Type: data Measurement Scale: Units: percent Precision: 1 Number Type: real Missing Value Code: -9999 (Value will never be recorded ) Attribute Name: Carbohydrates Attribute Label: Carbohydrates Attribute Definition: Concentration of carbohydrate carbon. Storage Type: data Measurement Scale: Units: microMolesPerLiter Precision: 1 Number Type: real Missing Value Code: -9999 (Value will never be recorded ) Attribute Name: % Carb_C Attribute Label: %Carbohydrate carbon Attribute Definition: Percentage of carbohydrate carbon. Storage Type: data Measurement Scale: Units: percent Precision: 0.1 Number Type: real Missing Value Code: -9999.0 (Value will never be recorded ) Attribute Name: DOC Attribute Label: Dissolved organic carbon Attribute Definition: Dissolved organic carbon concentration Storage Type: data Measurement Scale: Units: microgramsPerMilliliter Precision: 0.1 Number Type: real Missing Value Code: -9999.0 (Value will never be recorded ) Methods Sampling Description Water samples are collected monthly from all LTER sites, stored on ice and filtered through combusted GF/F glass fiber filters upon arrival to the lab. Samples are then prepared for optical measurements including Fluorescence and UV-VIS spectroscopy, humic and non-humic carbon analysis, carbohydrates, and DOC. Method Step Description Surface water samples were collected monthly in 1-L and 30-mL brown high density polyethylene bottles from all LTER sites and stored on ice. The 1-L samples were refrigerated upon receipt and filtered as soon as possible through pre-combusted 0.7um GF/F glass fiber filters and 0.2um Nylon filters, sequentially.After filtration, a 30 mL portion was saved and stored frozen for total carbohydrate analysis. The remaining sample was acidified with 3 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid for subsequent analyses. Optical measurements performed using Fluorescence and UV-VIS spectroscopy include Maximum Wavelength, Maximum Intensity, Fluorescence Index, Percent 285, Peak 1, and A-254. Maximum Wavelength is the emission wavelength that gives maximum intensity at a fixed excitation of 313nm and is used to differentiate between carbon sources (terrestrial vs. marine/microbial). Since it measures aromaticity and conjugation, a high Maximum wavelength corresponds to material of terrestrial origin while low values correspond to material of marine or microbial origin. Maximum Intensity is the maximum emission intensity obtained at a fixed excitation wavelength of 313 nm. Fluorescnce Index is a ratio of emission intensities at 450 and 500nm measured at a fixed excitation of 370nm and is also used to measure conjugation in molecules.Percent 285 is obtained by performing a synchronous scan to determine the amount of proteins in a water sample. A synchronous scan is obtained by scanning a range of excitation and emission wavelengths with an offset between them (typically 30 nm). This produces four peaks which can be used to characterize organic matter. Peak 1 is also used for the determination of proteins but it is an absolute intensity at 285nm. A-254 is used as a proxy for aromatics and conjugation. SUVA at 254nm is defined as the Specific UV Absorbance and it is obtained by measuring the UV absorbance at 254nm and normalizing it for the DOC concentration. Milli-Q water is used as a blank and subtracted from all samples. Measurements are corrected for lamp scattering. Filtered and acidified samples were submitted for organic carbon and total nitrogen analysis. Filtered and acidified samples were separated into humic and non-humic fractions by passing through polyvinylpyrrolidinone (PVP). PVP separates dissolved organic matter into humic and non-humic fractions based on hydrogen bonding interactions with vicinal hydroxyl groups as are prevalent in humic substances. The PVP was washed thoroughly with acid and base prior to use. The PVP powder was washed with acid solution by gently shaking in dilute acid solution for roughly 24 hours. After settling, the acid solution was decanted. Then the PVP was rinsed with water and decanted three times. The PVP was then similarly washed with basic solution and afterwards rinsed with water as above. The sequence of acid washing, rinsing, base washing, and rinsing was performed a total of three times. After washing, the PVP is stored in Milli-Q water and from this point on the PVP should not be allowed to dry. A plug of combusted glass wool is added to the columns to prevent the passage of PVP through the columns. Then a slurry of PVP is placed in 250 mL Kontes glass separation columns. Next, a height of around 5 to 7 cm of PVP is added to the columns. Once in the columns, the PVP is further washed with around 30 mL of 0.1 N sodium hydroxide (NaOH), around 30 mL of Milli-Q water, and around 30 mL of 0.1N hydrochloric acid (HCl). The separation is then carried out by passing 250 mL of filtered and acidified sample water through the column at a rate no faster than approximately 1 drop per second. The first 100 mL through the column is discarded and then around 30 mL is collected for subsequent protein analysis and around 20 mL is collected for total organic carbon (TOC). The fraction that passes through the column is the non-humic fraction. At this point, the humic fraction is retained on the column. The humic fraction is eluted from the column using around 10 mL portions of 0.01 N NaOH and is collected into 50 mL volumetric flasks. Within about 5 mL of the 50 mL mark, 1 mL of 2N HCl is added to the flask to neutralize the base, then the final volume is adjusted to 50 mL. The humic fraction is then submitted for TOC and TN. Total carbohydrates were measured on filtered (0.2 um) water samples that have been frozen prior to analysis. The samples were analyzed according to the TPTZ method (Myklestad et al., 1997). This method consists of sulfuric acid hydrolysis to convert carbohydrates to reducing sugars with subsequent color formation based on the reduction of iron. Citation Myklestad, S M 1997. Asensitive and rapid method for analysis of dissolved mono- and polysaccharides in seawater. Marine Chemistry, 56: 279-286. Instrumentation Whatman 0.7um glass fiber filters Millipore 0.2um hydrophilic membranes Nalgene 1-L and 30-mL brown polyethylene bottles Jobin Yvon Horiba Fluoromax 3 Shimadzu 2101PC Spectrophotometer Carlo Erba NA 1500 Nitrogen/Carbon Analyzer Quality Control Fluorescence measurements are corrected for internal absorbance quenching. Fluorescence spectra are corrected for internal instrument configuration using excitation and emission correction factors. For DOC, Humic carbon and carbohydrate data, we create calibration curves with standards and then graph the data. Distribution Online distribution: http://fcelter.fiu.edu/perl/public_data_download.pl?datasetid=LT_ND_Jaffe_001.txt Intellectual Rights These data are classified as 'Type II' whereby original FCE LTER experimental data collected by individual FCE researchers to be released to restricted audiences according to terms specified by the owners of the data. Type II data are considered to be exceptional and should be rare in occurrence. The justification for exceptions must be well documented and approved by the lead PI and Site Data Manager. Some examples of Type II data restrictions may include: locations of rare or endangered species, data that are covered under prior licensing or copyright (e.g., SPOT satellite data), or covered by the Human Subjects Act, Student Dissertation data and those data related to the FCE LTER Program but not funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under LTER grants #DEB-9910514, and # DBI-0620409. Researchers that make use of Type II Data may be subject to additional restrictions to protect any applicable commercial or confidentiality interests. All publications based on this dataset must cite the data Contributor, the Florida Coastal Everglades Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Program and that this material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation through the Florida Coastal Everglades Long-Term Ecological Research program under Cooperative Agreements #DEB-1237517, #DBI-0620409, and #DEB-9910514. Additionally, two copies of the manuscript must be submitted to the Florida Coastal Everglades LTER Program Office, LTER Program Manager, Florida International University, Southeast Environmental Research Center, OE 148, University Park, Miami, Florida 33199. For a complete description of the FCE LTER Data Access Policy and Data User Agreement, please go to FCE Data Management Policy at http://fcelter.fiu.edu/data/DataMgmt.pdf and LTER Network Data Access Policy at http://fcelter.fiu.edu/data/core/data_user_agreement/distribution_policy.html. Dataset Keywords FCE Florida Coastal Everglades LTER ecological research long-term monitoring Everglades National Park Shark River Slough Taylor Slough Florida Bay carbon water dissolved organic carbon carbohydrates organisms emissions fluorescence Data Submission Date: 2005-08-12 Maintenance This is a long-term DOM dataset and subsequent data will be appended. This dataset replaces the original version of LT_ND_Jaffe_001. The FCE program is discontinuing its practice of versioning data as of March 2013. Dataset Contact Position: Information Manager Organization: LTER Network Office Address: UNM Biology Department, MSC03-2020 1 University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 USA Phone: 505 277-2535 Fax: 505 277-2541 Email: tech-support@lternet.edu URL: http://www.lternet.edu Position: Information Manager Organization: Florida Coastal Everglades LTER Program Address: Florida International University University Park OE 148 Miami, FL 33199 USA Phone: 305-348-6054 Fax: 305-348-4096 Email: fcelter@fiu.edu URL: http://fcelter.fiu.edu Dataset Submission Date 2005-08-12 Information Management Notes This is a long-term DOM dataset and subsequent data will be appended. This dataset replaces the original version of LT_ND_Jaffe_001. The FCE program is discontinuing its practice of versioning data as of March 2013.